Dispersion-relationship-preserving seismic modelling using the cross-rhombus stencil with the finite-difference coefficients solved by an over-determined linear system

Finite-difference modeling with a cross-rhombus stencil with high-order accuracy in both spatial and temporal derivatives is a potential method for efficient seismic simulation. The finite-difference coefficients determined by Taylor-series expansion usually preserve the dispersion property in a limited wavenumber range and fixed angles of propagation. To construct the dispersion-relationship-preserving scheme for satisfying high-wavenumber components and multiple angles, we expand the dispersion relation of the cross-rhombus stencil to an over-determined system and apply a regularization method to obtain the stable least-squares solution of the finite-difference coefficients. The new dispersion-relationship-preserving based scheme not only satisfies several designated wavenumbers but also has high-order accuracy in temporal discretization. The numerical analysis demonstrates that the new scheme possesses a better dispersion characteristic and more relaxed stability conditions compared with the Taylor-series expansion based methods. Seismic wave simulations for the homogeneous model and the Sigsbee model demonstrate that the new scheme yields small dispersion error and improves the accuracy of the forward modelling.     

内蒙古大乌淀石墨矿地质特征与成因探讨

大乌淀石墨矿是近年来在狼山—白云鄂博裂谷带内新发现的超大型石墨矿床,矿体赋存于白云鄂博岩群尖山岩组一段。文章在分析成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、矿石矿物赋存状态及特征等基础上,对矿床成因进行了探讨,并总结其成矿模式。研究表明:大乌淀石墨矿含矿岩性,主要为各类红柱石石墨片岩;碳质来源为生物有机碳;矿床成因为经区域浅变质后又叠加接触变质的多成因层控矿床。大乌淀石墨矿的成矿作用可概括为原生碳沉积富集,无定型碳热变质转变为石墨核晶;碳硅有机热液交代石墨核晶形成鳞片状石墨的成矿作用过程。     

四川地区月降水量的一种预测模型

本文对1960～1979年四川地区48个测站的月降水资料,在稳斜因子分析的基础上,用ARIMA(p,d,q)模型进行随机建模。时间序列分别来源于PROMAX斜旋转解的因子得分。因子得分序列的主周期由周期图和方差分析方法求出,-维ARI-MA(p,d,q)模型识别用Box-Jenkins方法进行。对1980年的月降水量预测结果表明,距平预报的年平均准确率为58.33％。     

大气电场异常作为地震短临预报标志研究进展

通过对华北地地区进行震前大气电场异常观测研究的较为全面分析和总结,验证和论述了震前大气电场异常的基本特征,用大量的震例证实了在每次较大的近场地震发生前都能观测到该类异常现象,以及当较长一段时间内观测不到该类异常时,近场近期也不会有较大地震发生的可能。     

基于随机物理过程扰动的BMJ积云参数化方案对降水集合预报的影响

基于ARPS模式和随机物理过程参数化扰动（stochastically perturbed parameterization）方法,通过10个2018年6—7月间的降水个例,讨论了针对BMJ积云降水参数化方案下不同参数化扰动方式对降水预报的影响。扰动方式包括扰动BMJ方案的温湿倾向和扰动BMJ方案的温湿参考廓线。试验的结果表明BMJ方案在华东区域的降水预报中存在湿偏差,即预报的降水事件多于相应的观测事件。这一偏差在系统性增加参考廓线湿度后仍然存在。BMJ方案对不同扰动方式的响应存在较大差异。扰动BMJ方案的温湿倾向对降水预报的影响较小,且集合离散度低。扰动BMJ方案的温湿参考廓线对降水预报影响显著,能够大幅增加集合离散度,其中对称的BMJ参考廓线扰动对预报技巧评分改进有限,原因是小雨的湿偏差有所增加,而非对称的BMJ参考廓线扰动（扰动均值大于1.0）能够有效提高预报技巧评分并降低湿偏差。此外,非对称扰动大幅改善了BMJ降水预报初期（0～3 h）的空间分布形态,并且改进了夜间降水预报的强度。非对称扰动评分较高的原因是减少了原BMJ方案在降水预报初期的的大范围虚假预报,避免了大气湿度的大范围下降,保障了预报后期的强降水预报能力。而BMJ方案温湿倾向量级较小则是造成倾向扰动方法效果不明显的重要原因。     

Effect of earth–air breathing on evaporation of deeply buried phreatic water in extremely arid regions

In extremely arid regions, deeply buried phreatic water evaporates during the daytime from March to November in the northern hemisphere. It has been found that the earth–air undergoes ‘autonomous breathing’ and ‘passive breathing’, respectively caused by the changes of temperature and atmospheric pressure. In this paper, the effects of these breathing modes on phreatic evaporation (PhE) were investigated as well as the responsible mechanisms. Quantitative estimates suggest that the direct contribution from autonomous breathing is only 0.55 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹. Passive breathing pumps water vapour upwards from the deeply buried phreatic water table. Film water on the soil continuously migrates in pulsation from deep layers to the upper layer. Na₂SO₄ in the shallow soil absorbs moisture from the earth–air at night and decomposes during the day, forming water vapour, which is critical to the occurrence of PhE. The diurnal PhE process can be elucidated in detail by the bimodal variation in the atmospheric pressure. PhE occurs mainly from 10:00 to 17:00 during daytime from March to November, which correlates with passive breathing of the earth–air. The amplitude of atmospheric fluctuation determines the amount of earth–air that outflows, while temperature determines the water vapour concentration. In calculation, PhE is equal to the net absolute humidity (AH) times the amount of earth–air. There is 1.55 mm·year⁻¹ of PhE caused by daily peak→valley differences, and about 2.97 mm·year⁻¹ in estimation caused by numerous atmospheric fluctuations smaller than 2.84 hPa. The results coincide with the actual amount of PhE monitored of 4.52 mm·year⁻¹. Therefore, the amount of PhE is proportional to the range and frequency of fluctuation in external atmospheric pressure, and is also positively related to soil temperature, salt content, water content, porosity, and vadose zone thickness.     

高光谱影像特征选择的快速克隆选择算法(英文)

Clonal selection feature selection algorithm (CSFS) based on clonal selection algorithm (CSA), a new computational intelligence approach, has been proposed to perform the task of dimensionality reduction in high-dimensional images, and has better performance than traditional feature selection algorithms with more computational costs. In this paper, a fast clonal selection feature selection algorithm (FCSFS) for hyperspectral imagery is proposed to improve the convergence rate by using Cauchy mutation instea...     

无锡市城市扩张与热岛响应的遥感分析

以无锡市2001和2008年的Landsat TM/ETM+影像为数据源,采用DBI-SAVI指数相结合的方法,提取无锡市城镇信息,得到2001-2008年间无锡市城市扩张图。同时利用热红外波段反演城市地表温度,分别得到2001年和2008年无锡市城市地表温度分布图。最后,结合城市热场变异指数和无锡市2001-2008年社会经济和人文数据,分析城市扩张与热岛响应。结果表明:2001-2008年无锡城市化呈现出不断增加的态势,同时城市空间扩张呈现出不均匀性,主要表现为集中发展和条带状发展两个特点,扩张方向主要集中在常州-无锡-苏州城市中心线沿线和环太湖方向,其中,以东南部扩张最为迅速。在城市扩张的同时,无锡市地表温度逐渐上升,城市热岛面积不断扩大,由条带状分布变为哑铃状分布,城市扩张与热岛分布在空间上呈现出一致性,因此,城市热岛是城市扩张的直接反映。     

Separation Technologies of Potassium from Salt Lakes

正1 Introduction Salt Lake,as a kind of chemical resources,has been attracted to many researchers,especially the resources of lithium.As reported,many kinds of brines exist in the world depending on the compositions of the brine.Based on the chemical composition the brines can be classified as the types of chloride,carbonate,sulfate.For different     

中国石墨供应风险评价

石墨是战略性矿产,是支撑未来战略性新兴产业发展的重要资源。通过收集石墨储、产、消、贸、价等方面的数据资料,构建了资源安全、贸易安全和市场安全三维供应风险评价体系,通过计算资源保障程度、自给率、进口份额占比、进口国家风险、进口国家集中度、进口价格波动指数、价格波动指数7个指标对石墨资源供应风险进行评价,结果显示市场安全对石墨供应风险影响最大。建议建立大鳞片石墨资源储备制度,实施石墨出口配额制度,以石墨烯技术辐射带动整个石墨产业,打破石墨提纯及深加工技术垄断,引领中国石墨产业发展,促进中国由石墨资源大国向石墨资源强国迈进。